CROSS-NATIONAL TIME SERIES, 1815-1973 (ICPSR 7412) Principal Investigator Arthur Banks Center for Comparative Political Research State University of New York-Binghamton First ICPSR Edition 1976 Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION, ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF ASSISTANCE AND DATA DISCLAIMER All manuscripts utilizing data made available through the Consortium should acknowledge that fact as well as identify the original collector of the data. In order to get such source acknowledgment listed in social science bibliographic utilities, it is necessary to present them in the form of a footnote or a reference. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is: Banks, Arthur S. CROSS-NATIONAL TIME SERIES, 1815-1973 [Computer file]. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor], 1976. The ICPSR Council urges all users of the ICPSR data facilities to follow some adaptation of the following assistance/disclaimer statement, with the parentheses indicating items to be filled in appropriately or deleted by the individual user. The data (and tabulations) utilized in this (publication) were made available (in part) by the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. The data for CROSS-NATIONAL TIME SERIES, 1815-1973 were originally collected by Arthur S. Banks. Neither the collector of the original data nor the Consortium bears any responsibility for the analyses or interpretations presented here. In order to provide funding agencies with essential information about the use of archival resources and to facilitate the exchange of information about ICPSR participants' research activities, each user of the ICPSR data facilities is expected to send two copies of each completed manuscript or thesis abstract to the Consortium. Please indicate in the cover letter which data were used. TABLE OF CONTENTS page no. Study Description i Codebook Information i Variable List 1 Data Format 16 Summary of the Card-Image Version 20 of the Dataset Appendix 21 STUDY DESCRIPTION The Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive of the Center for Comparative Political Research of the State University of New York (Binghamton) contains data for 167 independent countries for the period 1815-1973. The unit of analysis is nation-years and the dataset consists of 8985 cases (125,790 card images) arranged first in ascending nation-code order then by year. A variety of variables report demographic, economic, communications, and domestic political information. The nations included in the study were commonly recognized members of the international community during the 164-year period (see the appendix). The time series reports data for periods for which information is readily available and appropriate. Much of the data were estimated in order to provide yearly coverage. The dataset was received by the Consortium in an OSIRIS format. Because of this, few changes were made to the contents or structure of the dataset. An earlier version of the dataset, also distributed by ICPSR (5002), covered 1815-1966 for 102 countries and was published in Arthur Banks, Cross-Polity Time-Series Data (Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1971). Users of the present dataset are urged to consult Arthur Banks, Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive: User's Manual (Binghamton, N.Y.: Center for Comparative Political Research, State University of New York, 1975). CODEBOOK INFORMATION This codebook is divided into four parts. First, a variable list provides variable numbers and descriptions. Because no decimal places are contained in the dataset, a scaling factor is shown in brackets for appropriate variables. Users should multiply data values by the scaling factor shown to reproduce the series in the units indicated. A data format table shows variable locations and missing data codes for both the OSIRIS and card-image versions of the dataset. A summary of each deck in the card-image version is also included. Finally, an appendix lists the four-digit nation codes used in variable one and shows the corresponding ICPSR standard nation-number codes, derived from Russett, Singer, and Small, "National Political Units in the Twentieth Century: A Standardized List," AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW (Sept. 1968). VARIABLE LIST Variable Number Description 1 Country ID. A four-digit code designating the country. See the appendix for a list of codes. 2 Year. 3 Area in square miles excluding non-contiguous colonial possessions [1000] 4 Population excluding non-contiguous colonial possessions [1000] 5 Population density (variable 4/variable 3) [.1] 6 Population in cities of 100,000 or more [1000] 7 Percent of total population in cities of 100,000 or more [.001] 8 Population in cities of 50,000 or more [1000] 9 Percent of total population in cities of 50,000 or more [.001] 10 Population in cities of 25,000 or more [1000] 11 Percent of total population in cities of 25,000 or more [.001] 12 Population in cities of 20,000 or more [1000] 13 Percent of total population in cities of 20,000 or more [.001] 14 Population in cities of 10,000 or more [1000] 15 Percent of population in cities of 10,000 or more [.001] 16 National government revenue plus national government expenditure in U.S. dollar equivalents [1000] 17 Per capita national government revenue plus national government expenditure in U.S. dollar equivalents [.01] 18 National government revenue in U.S. dollar equivalents [1000] 1 2 Variable Number Description 19 Per capita national government revenue in U.S. dollar equivalents [.01] 20 National government expenditure in U.S. dollar equivalents [1000] 21 Per capita national government expenditure in U.S. dollar equivalents [.01] 22 National defense expenditure divided by national government expenditure [.001] 23 Total trade. Imports plus exports in U.S. dollar equivalents [10,000] 24 Per capita total trade in U.S. dollar equivalents [.01] 25 Imports in U.S. dollar equivalents [1000] 26 Per capita imports in U.S. dollar equivalents [.01] 27 Exports in U.S. dollar equivalents [1000] 28 Per capita exports in U.S. dollar equivalents [.01] 29 Proportion of world trade (variable 23 divided by the sum of variable 23 for all nations in the data set) [.0001] 30 Energy production in metric tons of coal equivalents [1000] 31 Energy production in kilograms per capita. 32 Energy consumption in metric tons of coal equivalents [1000] 33 Energy consumption in kilograms per capita. 34 National defense expenditure in U.S. dollar equivalents [1000] 35 Per capita national defense expenditure in U.S. dollar equivalents [.01] 36 Percent of gross domestic product originating in industrial activity. 3 Variable Number Description 37 Per capita gross domestic product originating in industrial activity in U.S. dollar equivalents. 38 Percent of work force engaged in agricultural activity [.1] 39 Percent of work force engaged in industrial activity [.1] 40 Percent of work force engaged in activity other than industry or agriculture [.1] 41 Size of military. The number of active-duty members of a nation's armed forces excluding semi- or para-military forces [1000] 42 Proportion of population in armed forces [.0001] 43 Railroad mileage, defined as miles of line (public and private) rather than miles of track. 44 Per square mile railroad mileage [.01] 45 Railroad passenger-miles or the sum of miles travelled by each individual rail passenger [1,000,000] 46 Railway ton-miles or the tonage amount of freight carried by rail [1,000,000] 47 Per capita ton-miles of freight carried [.1] 48 Number of automobiles or passenger vehicles [1000] 49 Per capita automobiles [.0001] 50 Number of commercial vehicles [1000] 51 Per capita number of commercial vehicles [.0001] 52 Number of highway vehicles (passenger and commercial) [1000] 53 Per capita highway vehicles [.0001] 4 Variable Number Description 54 Telegraph mileage, defined as the number of miles of line (public and private) rather than as miles of wire [100] 55 Telegraph mileage per square mile [.0001] 56 Number of telegrams sent and received domestically [1000] 57 Per capita telegrams sent and received domestically [.001] 58 Number of telephones [100] 59 Per capita telephones [.0001] 60 Amount of first class mail sent and received domestically [1000] 61 Per capita first class mail sent and received domestically [.001] 62 Amount of all mail sent and received domestically [1000] 63 Per capita mail sent and received domestically [.001] 64 Number of radio receivers [1000] 65 Per capita radio receivers [.0001] 66 Number of television sets [10] 67 Per capita television sets [.0001] 68 Per capita newspaper circulation [.0001] 69 Number of book titles published. 70 Per capita book titles published [.000001] 71 Primary school enrollment [1000] 72 Per capita primary school enrollment [.0001] 73 Secondary school enrollment [1000] 74 Per capita secondary school enrollment [.0001] 75 Primary and secondary school enrollment [1000] 5 Variable Number Description 76 Per capita primary and secondary school enrollment [.0001] 77 Primary school enrollment as a proportion of total primary and secondary school enrollment [.01] 78 University enrollment [1000] 79 Per capita university enrollment [.0001] 80 All school enrollment [1000] 81 Per capita all school enrollment [.0001] 82 Literacy rate. Percent of population over 15 years of age able both to read and to write [.1] 83 Number of physicians per capita [10] 84 National income per capita in U.S. dollar equivalents where national income is defined as the sum of the incomes accruing to factors of production supplied by normal residents of the given country before deduction of direct taxes. 85 Per capita gross domestic product at factor cost, where gross domestic product at factor cost is the value at factor cost of the product, before deduction of provisions for the consumption of fixed capital, attributable to factor services rendered to resident producers of the given country. It differs from the gross domestic product at market prices (variable 86) by the exclusion of the excess of indirect taxes over subsidies. 86 Per capita gross national product at market prices, where gross national product at market prices is the market value of the product, before deduction of provisions for the consumption of fixed capital, attributable to the factors of production supplied by normal residents of the given country. It is identically equal to the sum of consumption expenditure and gross domestic capital formation, private and public, and the net exports of goods and services plus the net factor incomes received from abroad. 87 Per capita currency in circulation, expressed in U.S. dollars at the free market rate [.01] 6 Variable Number Description 88 Age of a nation's currency in months, defined as the number of months that have elapsed since the introduction of a new monetary system or since an upward or downward revaluation of 5% or more. 89 Official exchange rate expressed in local currency per U.S. dollar [.01] 90 Free or black market exchange rate expressed in local currency per U.S. dollar [.01] 91 The number of assassinations, defined as any politically motivated murder or attempted murder of a high government official or politician. 92 The number of general strikes, defined as any strike of 1,000 or more industrial or service workers that involves more than one employer and that is aimed at national government policies or authority. 93 The number of acts of guerrilla warfare, defined as any armed activity, sabotage, or bombings carried on by independent bands of citizens or irregular forces and aimed at the overthrow of the present regime. 94 The number of major government crises, defined as any rapidly developing situation that threatens to bring the downfall of the present regime - excluding situations of revolt aimed at such overthrow. 95 The number of purges, defined as any systematic elimination by jailing or execution of political opposition within the ranks of the regime or the opposition. 96 The number of riots, defined as any violent demonstration or clash of more than 100 citizens involving the use of physical force. 97 The number of revolutions, defined as any illegal or forced change in the top governmental elite, any attempt at such a change, or any successful or unsuccessful armed rebellion whose aim is independence from the central government. 98 The number of anti-government demonstrations, defined as any peaceful public gathering of at least 100 people for the primary purpose of displaying or voicing their opposition to government policies or authority, excluding demonstrations of a distinctly anti-foreign nature. 99 Number of registered voters [1000] 7 Variable Number Description 100 Registered voters as a proportion of total population [.001] 101 The number of valid votes cast in the most recent election for the lower house of the national legislature [1000] 102 Votes cast in most recent election for the lower house of the national legislature as a proportion of total population [.001] 103 The number of seats held by the largest party in the lower house of the national legislature. If more than 999 members of a legislature are from the same party, "999" is recorded. 104 Number of seats in the lower house of the national legislature. If there are no parties in a nation, a "0" is recorded. If there are more than 999 members of a legislature, "999" is recorded. If no legislature exists, a "0" is recorded in both variables 105 and 106. 105 Effectiveness of legislature. Code Definition 0 No legislature 1 Largely ineffective 2 Partly effective 3 Effective 106 Nominating process for legislature. Code Definition 0 No legislature 1 Essentially non-competitive 2 Partially competitive 3 Competitive 107 Legislature coalitions. Code Definition 0 No coalition, no opposition 1 More than one party, government coalition, no opposition 2 More than one party, government coalition, opposition 3 No more than one party, no coalition 8 Variable Number Description 108 Party legitimacy Code Definition 0 No parties, or all but dominant party and satellites excluded 1 Significant exclusion of parties (or groups) 2 One or more minor or "extremist" parties excluded 3 No parties excluded 109 Index of seats held by the largest party. Obtained by dividing the size of the legislature by the number of seats held by the largest party. Thus, a nation with no parties has a score of "0", a nation with one party has a score of "1", a nation with forty out of one hundred seats held by the majority party has a score of "2.5" [.01] 110 Composite legislative index, defined as the sum of the ordinal scores recorded for variables 105-108. 111 Seven-year average of variable 109. The average of scores recorded in variable 109 for consecutive seven-year periods beginning in 1946. Data is entered for 1949 (1946-1952), 1956 (1953-1959), 1963 (1960-1966), and 1970 (1967-1973). 112 Seven-year total of variable 110. The sum of scores recorded for variable 110 for consecutive seven-year periods beginning in 1946. Data is recorded for 1949 (1946-1952), 1956 (1953-1959), 1963 (1960-1966), and 1970 (1967-1973). 113 Party fractionalization index, based on a formula proposed by Douglas Rae in "A Note on the Fractionalization of Some European Party Systems," COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES 1 (October 1968), pp. 413-418. The index is constructed as follows: n __ 2 F = 1 - \ (t ) /_ i i=1 t where i is the proportion of members associated with the ith party in the lower house of the legislature. 9 Variable Number Description 114 Type of regime. Code Definition 1 Civilian. Any government controlled by a non- military component of the nation's population. 2 Military-civilian. Outwardly civilian government effectively controlled by a military elite. Civilians hold only those posts (up to and in- cluding that of Chief of State) for which their services are deemed necessary for successful conduct of government operations. An example would be retention of the Emperor and selected civilian cabinet members during the period of Japanese military hegemony between 1932 and 1945. 3 Military. Direct rule by the military, usually (but not necessarily) following a military coup d'etat. The governing structure may vary from utilization of the military chain of command under conditions of martial law to the institution of an ad hoc administrative hierarchy with at least an upper echelon staffed by military personnel. 4 Other. All regimes not falling into one or another of the foregoing categories, including instances in which a country, save for reasons of exogenous influence, lacks an effective national government. An example of the latter would be Switzerland between 1815 and 1848. 115 Number of Coups d'Etat. The number of extraconstitutional or forced changes in the top government elite and/or its effective control of the nation's power structure in a given year. The term "coup" includes, but is not exhausted by, the term "successful revolution". Unsuccessful coups are not counted. 116 Major constitutional changes. The number of basic alterations in a state's constitutional structure, the extreme case being the adoption of a new constitution that significantly alters the prerogatives of the various branches of government. Examples of the latter might be the substitution 10 Variable Number Description 116 (cont.) of presidential for parliamentary government or the replacement of monarchical by republican rule. Constitutional amendments which do not have significant impact on the political system are not counted. 117 Type of head of state. Code Definition 1 Monarch. Chief of state is a monarch (either hereditary or elective) or a regent functioning on a monarch's behalf. 2 President. Chief of state is a president who may function as chief executive or merely as titular head of state. In the latter case he will possess little effective power, even though serving as presiding officer of a legislative assembly or state council. 3 Military. A situation in which a member of the nation's armed forces is recognized as the formal head of government. In cases of conflict between (2) and (3), coding is determined on the basis of whether the incumbent's role is intrinsically military or civilian in character. 4 Other. In practice, this category is used when no distinct head of state can be identified. In theory, it includes any distinct head of state not included in (1)-(3), such as a theocratic ruler. 118 Type of premier. Code Definition 1 Formal executive is premierial in character. 2 Formal executive is non-premierial in character. 11 Variable Number Description 119 Type of effective executive. Refers to the individual who exercises primary influence in the shaping of most major decisions affecting the nation's internal and external affairs. The "other" category may refer to a situation in which the individual in question (such as the party first secretary in a Communist regime) holds no formal govern- mental post, or to one in which no truly effective national executive can be said to exist. Code Definition 1 Monarch 2 President 3 Premier 4 Military 5 Other 120 Method of selection of effective executive. Code Definition 1 Direct election. Election of the effective executive by popular vote or the election of committed delegates for the purpose of executive selection. 2 Indirect election. Selection of the effective executive by an elected assembly or by an elected but uncommitted electoral college. 3 Nonelective. Any means of executive selection not involving a direct or indirect mandate from an electorate. 121 Parliamentary responsibility, defined as the degree to which a premier must depend on the support of a majority in the lower house of a legislature in order to remain in office. Code Definition 0 Irrelevant. Office of premier does not exist. 1 Absent. Office of premier exists, but there is no parliamentary responsibility. 2 Incomplete. The premier is, at least to some extent, constitutionally responsible to the legislature. Effective responsibility is, 12 Variable Number Description 121(cont.) Code Definition however, limited. 3 Complete. The premier is constitutionally and effectively dependent upon a legislative majority for continuance in office. 122 Size of cabinet refers to the number of ministers of "cab- inet rank", excluding undersecretaries, parliamentary secretaries, ministerial alternates, etc. 123 Major cabinet changes, defined as the number of times in a year that a new premier is named and/or 50% of the cabinet posts are occupied by new ministers. 124 The number of times in a year that effective control of the executive power changes hands. Such a change requires that the new executive be independent of his predecessor. 125 Legislative effectiveness. Code Definition 0 None. No legislature exists. 1 Ineffective. There are three possible bases for this coding: first, legislative activity may be essentially of a "rubber stamp" character; second, domestic turmoil may make the implementation of legislation impossible; third, the effective executive may prevent the legislature from meeting or otherwise substantially impede the exercise of its functions. 2 Partially effective. A situation in which the effective executive's power substantially outweighs but does not completely dominate that of the legislature. 3 Effective. The possession of significant governmental autonomy by the legislature, including, typically, substantial authority with regard to taxation and disbursement, and the power to override executive vetoes of legislation. 13 Variable Number Description 126 Legislative selection. Code Description 0 None. No legislature exists. 1 Non-elective. Examples would be the selection of legislators by the effective executive, or on the basis of heredity or ascription. 2 Elective. Legislators (or members of the lower house in a bicameral system) are selected by means of either direct or indirect popular election. 127 The number of elections held for the lower house of a national legislature in a given year. 128 International status: composite score, calculated yearly using data, coding criteria, and indicator construction from J. David Singer and Melvin Small, "The Composition and Status ordering of the International System: 1815- 1940," WORLD POLITICS, 18 (January 1966), pp. 236-282. 129 Electrical energy production in kilowatt hours [1,000,000] 130 Per capita production of electrical energy [.01] 131 Steel production in metric tons [1000] 132 Per capita steel production in metric tons [.0001] 133 Cement production in metric tons [1000] 134 Per capita cement production in metric tons [.0001] 135 Annual percentage change in population (variable 4)[.01] 136 Annual percentage change in population density (variable 5)[.01] 137 Annual percentage change in percent of population in cities of population 100,000 or more (variable 7)[.01] 138 Annual percentage change in percent of population in cities of population 50,000 or more (variable 9)[.01] 14 Variable Number Description 139 Annual percentage change in national government revenue per capita (variable 19)[.01] 140 Annual percentage change in national government expenditure per capita (variable 21) [.01] 141 Annual percentage change in imports per capita (variable 26) [.01] 142 Annual percentage change in exports per capita (variable 28) [.01] 143 Annual percentage change in national government revenue and expenditure per capita (variable 16) [.01] 144 Annual percentage change in total trade per capita (variable 24) [.01] 145 Annual percentage change in rail mileage per square mile (variable 44) [.01] 146 Annual percentage change in the number of highway vehicles per capita (variable 53) [.01] 147 Annual percentage change in the amount of telegraph mileage per square mile (variable 55) [.01] 148 Annual percentage change in per capita telegrams sent and received (variable 57) [.01] 149 Annual percentage change in telephones per capita (variable 59) [.01] 150 Annual percentage change in per capita mail sent and received (variable 63) [.01] 151 Annual percentage change in newspaper circulation per capita (variable 68) [.01] 152 Annual percentage change in primary school enrollment per capita (variable 72) [.01] 153 Annual percentage change in secondary school enrollment per capita (variable 74) [.01] 154 Annual percentage change in primary and secondary school enrollment per capita (variable 76) [.01] 15 Variable Number Description 155 Annual percentage change in university enrollment per capita (variable 79) [.01] 156 Annual percentage change in energy production per capita (variable 31) [.01] 157 Annual percentage change in energy consumption per capita (variable 33) [.01] 158 Annual percentage change in the percent of gross domestic product involved in industrial activity (variable 36) [.01] 159 Annual percentage change in per capita gross domestic pro- duct involved in industrial activity (variable 37) [.01] 160 Annual percentage change in percent of work force engaged in agricultural activity (variable 38) [.01] 161 Annual percentage change in percent of work force engaged in industrial activity (variable 39) [.01] 162 Annual percentage change in rail passenger-kilometers (same as variable 45, except measured in kilometers instead of miles) [.01] 163 Annual percentage change in radios per capita (variable 65) [.01] 164 Annual percentage change in the percent of the population that is literate (variable 82) [.01] 165 Annual percentage change in physicians per capita (variable 83) [.01] 166 Annual percentage change in gross domestic product per Capita (Variable 85) [.01] 167 Annual percentage change in gross national product per capita (variable 86) [.01] 168 Annual percentage change in local currency in circulation per capita (variable 87) [.01] 169 Annual percentage change in the age of local currency (variable 88) [.01] 16 DATA FORMAT VARIABLE VARIABLE NAME WIDTH MISSING OSIRIS CARD IMAGE NUMBER DATA CODE LOCATION DECK COL. DECK NUMBER 2 - - ALL 1 1 COUNTRY ID 4 -000009 1 ALL 3 2 YEAR 4 -000009 5 ALL 7 3 AREA 4 -000009 9 1 11 4 POPULATION 6 -000009 13 1 15 5 POPULATION DENSITY 5 -000009 19 1 21 6 URBANIZATION 100,000+ 6 -000009 24 1 26 7 URB 100,000+ PER CAPITA 4 -000009 30 1 32 8 URBANIZATION 50,000+ 6 -000009 34 1 36 9 URB 50,000+ PER CAPITA 4 -000009 40 1 42 10 URBANIZATION 25,000+ 6 -000009 44 1 46 11 URB 25,000+ PER CAPITA 4 -000009 50 1 52 12 URBANIZATION 20,000+ 6 -000009 54 1 56 13 URB 20,000+ PER CAPITA 4 -000009 60 1 62 14 URBANIZATION 10,000+ 6 -000009 64 1 66 15 URB 10,000+ PER CAPITA 4 -000009 70 1 72 16 REVENUE + EXPENDITURE 9 -000009 74 2 11 17 REV + EXP PER CAPITA 6 -000009 83 2 20 18 REVENUE 9 -000009 89 2 26 19 REVENUE PER CAPITA 6 -000009 98 2 35 20 EXPENDITURE 9 -000009 104 2 41 21 EXPENDITURE PER CAPITA 6 -000009 113 2 50 22 DEFENSE EXP/EXPENDITURE 4 -000009 119 2 56 23 IMPORTS + EXPORTS 8 -000009 123 2 60 24 IMP + EXP PER CAPITA 6 -000009 131 2 68 25 IMPORTS 8 -000009 137 3 11 26 IMPORTS PER CAPITA 6 -000009 145 3 19 27 EXPORTS 8 -000009 151 3 25 28 EXPORTS PER CAPITA 6 -000009 159 3 33 29 PROPORTION WORLD TRADE 5 -000009 165 3 39 30 ENERGY PRODUCTION 8 -000009 170 3 44 31 ENERGY PROD PER CAPITA 7 -000009 178 3 52 32 ENERGY CONSUMPTION 8 -000009 185 3 59 33 ENERGY CONS PER CAPITA 7 -000009 193 3 67 34 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE 8 -000009 200 4 11 35 DEFENSE EXP PER CAPITA 6 -000009 208 4 19 36 % GDP INDUST ACTIVITY 2 -000009 214 4 25 37 PER CAPITA GDP INDUS ACT 4 -000009 216 4 27 38 % WORK FORCE AGRICULTURE 3 -000009 220 4 31 39 % WORK FORCE INDUSTRY 3 -000009 223 4 34 40 % WORK FORCE OTHER 3 -000009 226 4 37 41 SIZE OF MILITARY 5 -000009 229 4 40 42 SIZE MILITARY/POPULATION 4 -000009 234 4 45 43 RAIL MILEAGE 6 -000009 238 4 49 44 RAIL MILEAGE/SQ MILE 5 -000009 244 4 55 45 RAIL PASSENGER-MILES 6 -000009 249 4 60 46 RAIL TON-MILES 7 -000009 255 4 66 17 VARIABLE VARIABLE NAME WIDTH MISSING OSIRIS CARD IMAGE NUMBER DATA CODE LOCATION DECK COL. 47 RAIL TON-MILES PER CAP 6 -000009 262 4 73 48 AUTOMOBILES 6 -000009 268 5 11 49 AUTOMOBILES PER CAPITA 6 -000009 274 5 17 50 COMMERCIAL VEHICLES 6 -000009 280 5 23 51 COMM VEHICLES PER CAPITA 6 -000009 286 5 29 52 ALL HIGHWAY VEHICLES 6 -000009 292 5 35 53 HIGHWAY VEHICLES PER CAP 6 -000009 298 5 41 54 TELEGRAPH MILEAGE 4 -000009 304 5 47 55 TELEGRAPH MILEAGE/SQ MI 4 -000009 308 5 51 56 TELEGRAMS 6 -000009 312 5 55 57 TELEGRAMS PER CAPITA 4 -000009 318 5 61 58 TELEPHONES 7 -000009 322 5 65 59 TELEPHONES PER CAPITA 5 -000009 329 5 72 60 FIRST CLASS MAIL 8 -000009 334 6 11 61 FIRST CLASS MAIL PER CAP 6 -000009 342 6 19 62 ALL MAIL 8 -000009 348 6 25 63 ALL MAIL PER CAPITA 6 -000009 356 6 33 64 RADIOS 6 -000009 362 6 39 65 RADIOS PER CAPITA 5 -000009 368 6 45 66 TELEVISION SETS 7 -000009 373 6 50 67 TV SETS PER CAPITA 5 -000009 380 6 57 68 NEWS CIRC PER CAPITA 4 -000009 385 6 62 69 BOOK TITLES 5 -000009 389 6 66 70 BOOK TITLES PER CAPITA 4 -000009 394 6 71 71 PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROL 6 -000009 398 7 11 72 PRIMARY SCH ENR PER CAP 4 -000009 404 7 17 73 SECONDARY SCH ENROL 6 -000009 408 7 21 74 SECOND SCH ENR PER CAP 4 -000009 414 7 27 75 PRI + SEC SCH ENROL 6 -000009 418 7 31 76 PRI + SEC ENR PER CAPITA 4 -000009 424 7 37 77 PRI/PRI + SEC SCH ENROL 3 -000009 428 7 41 78 UNIVERSITY ENROLLMENT 5 -000009 431 7 44 79 UNIV ENROL PER CAPITA 4 -000009 436 7 49 80 ALL SCHOOL ENROLLMENT 6 -000009 440 7 53 81 ALL SCH ENROL PER CAPITA 4 -000009 446 7 59 82 % LITERATE 4 -000009 450 7 63 83 PHYSICIANS PER CAPITA 4 -000009 454 7 67 84 NATIONAL INCOME PER CAP 4 -000009 458 8 11 85 GDP PER CAPITA 4 -000009 462 8 15 86 GNP PER CAPITA 4 -000009 466 8 19 87 CURRENCY IN CIRC PER CAP 5 -000009 470 8 23 88 AGE OF CURRENCY 4 -000009 475 8 28 89 OFFICIAL EXCHANGE RATE 8 -000009 479 8 32 90 FREE EXCHANGE RATE 8 -000009 487 8 40 91 ASSASSINATIONS 3 -000009 495 8 48 92 GENERAL STRIKES 3 -000009 498 8 51 93 GUERILLA WARFARE 3 -000009 501 8 54 94 GOVERNMENT CRISES 3 -000009 504 8 57 95 PURGES 3 -000009 507 8 60 96 RIOTS 3 -000009 510 8 63 97 REVOLUTIONS 3 -000009 513 8 66 18 VARIABLE VARIABLE NAME WIDTH MISSING OSIRIS CARD IMAGE NUMBER DATA CODE LOCATION DECK COL. 98 ANTI-GOVT DEMONSTRATIONS 3 -000009 516 8 69 99 REGISTERED VOTERS 6 -000009 519 9 11 100 REGISTERED VOTERS/POP 3 -000009 525 9 17 101 VOTES CAST 6 -000009 528 9 20 102 VOTES CAST/POPULATION 3 -000009 534 9 26 103 SEATS LARGEST PARTY 3 -000009 537 9 29 104 SIZE OF LEGISLATURE 3 -000009 540 9 32 105 LEGIS EFFECTIVENESS (1) 2 -000009 543 9 35 106 COMPETITION, NOM PROCESS 2 -000009 545 9 37 107 PARTY COALITIONS 2 -000009 547 9 39 108 PARTY LEGITIMACY 2 -000009 549 9 41 109 SIZE LEG/SEATS LARGE PTY 3 -000009 551 9 43 110 COMPOSITE LEGIS INDEX 2 -000009 554 9 46 111 7-YR AVERAGE OF VAR.109 3 -000009 556 9 48 112 7-YR TOTAL FOR VAR.110 3 -000009 559 9 51 113 PARTY FRACTIONALIZATION 5 -000009 562 9 54 114 TYPE OF REGIME 2 -000009 567 10 11 115 COUPS D' ETAT 2 -000009 569 10 13 116 CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES 2 -000009 571 10 15 117 HEAD OF STATE 2 -000009 573 10 17 118 PREMIER 2 -000009 575 10 19 119 EFFECTIVE EXEC (TYPE) 2 -000009 577 10 21 120 EFFECTIVE EXEC (SELECT) 2 -000009 579 10 23 121 PARL RESPONSIBILITY 2 -000009 581 10 25 122 CABINET SIZE 3 -000009 583 10 27 123 CABINET CHANGES 2 -000009 586 10 30 124 EFFECTIVE EXEC (CHANGES) 2 -000009 588 10 32 125 LEGIS EFFECTIVENESS (2) 2 -000009 590 10 34 126 LEGIS SELECTION 2 -000009 592 10 36 127 LEGIS ELECTIONS 2 -000009 594 10 38 128 INTERNATIONAL STATUS 3 -000009 596 10 40 129 ELEC POWER PRODUCTION 7 -000009 599 10 43 130 ELEC POWER PROD PER CAP 6 -000009 606 10 50 131 STEEL PRODUCTION 6 -000009 612 10 56 132 STEEL PRODUCTION PER CAP 5 -000009 618 10 62 133 CEMENT PRODUCTION 6 -000009 623 10 67 134 CEMENT PROD PER CAPITA 5 -000009 629 10 73 135 %AC POPULATION 7 -999999 634 11 11 136 %AC POP DENSITY 7 -999999 641 11 18 137 %AC URB 100,000+ PER CAP 7 -999999 648 11 25 138 %AC URB 50,000+ PER CAP 7 -999999 655 11 32 139 %AC REVENUE PER CAPITA 7 -999999 662 11 39 140 %AC EXPENDITURE PER CAP 7 -999999 669 11 46 14l %AC IMPORTS PER CAPITA 7 -999999 676 11 53 142 %AC EXPORTS PER CAPITA 7 -999999 683 11 60 143 %AC REV + EXP PER CAPITA 7 -999999 690 11 67 144 %AC IMP + EXP PER CAPITA 7 -999999 697 12 11 145 %AC RAIL MILEAGE/SQ MILE 7 -999999 704 11 18 146 %AC HIGHWAY VEH PER CAP 7 -999999 711 12 25 147 %AC TELE MILEAGE/SQ MILE 7 -999999 718 12 32 148 %AC TELEGRAMS PER CAPITA 7 -999999 725 12 39 19 VARIABLE VARIABLE NAME WIDTH MISSING OSIRIS CARD IMAGE NUMBER DATA CODE LOCATION DECK COL. 149 %AC TELEPHONES PER CAP 7 -999999 732 12 46 150 %AC MAIL PER CAPITA 7 -999999 739 12 53 151 %AC NEW CIRC PER CAPITA 7 -999999 746 12 60 152 %AC PRIMARY SCH PER CAP 7 -999999 753 12 67 153 %AC SECOND SCH PER CAP 7 -999999 760 13 11 154 %AC P + S SCH PER CAPITA 7 -999999 767 13 18 155 %AC UNIV ENROL PER CAP 7 -999999 774 13 25 156 %AC ENERGY PROD PER CAP 7 -999999 781 13 32 157 %AC ENERGY CONS PER CAP 7 -999999 788 13 39 158 %AC % GDP INDUS ACTIVITY 7 -999999 795 13 46 159 %AC PER CAP GDP IND ACT 7 -999999 802 13 53 160 %AC % WORK FORCE AGRIC 7 -999999 809 13 60 161 %AC % WORK FORCE INDUS 7 -999999 816 13 67 162 %AC RAIL-PASSENGER KILOS 7 -999999 823 14 11 163 %AC RADIOS PER CAPITA 7 -999999 830 14 18 164 %AC % LITERATE 7 -999999 837 14 25 165 %AC PHYSICIANS PER CAP 7 -999999 844 14 32 166 %AC GDP PER CAPITA 7 -999999 851 14 39 167 %AC GNP PER CAPITA 7 -999999 858 14 46 168 %AC CURRENCY PER CAPITA 7 -999999 865 14 53 169 %AC AGE OF CURRENCY 7 -999999 872 14 60 20 SUMMARY OF THE CARD-IMAGE VERSION OF THE DATASET Deck Subject of Variables Variable Numbers 1 Population and urbanization 4-15 2 National government revenue and expenditure 16-21 Defense expenditure as a proportion of 22 total expenditure Total trade (imports + exports) 23-24 3 Imports, exports, proportion of world trade 25-29 Energy production and consumption 30-33 4 Defense expenditure and manpower 34-35, 41-42 Distribution of economy in agriculture 36-40 and industry Railroads 43-47 5 Automobiles, commercial and highway vehicles 48-53 Telegraphs, telegrams, telephones 54-59 6 Mail 60-63 Radios, TVs, newspapers, books 64-70 7 School enrollment 71-81 Literacy 82 Physicians per capita 83 8 National income 84-86 Currency and exchange rates 87-90 Domestic instability 91-98 9 Voting 99-102 Legislature and parties 103-113 10 Regime characteristics 114-127 International status 128 Electric power, steel, and cement 129-134 production 11-14 Percent annual change for 25 variables 135-169 21 APPENDIX INDEPENDENT STATES: 1815-1973 Banks ICPSR Code Code State Years Independent 0010 700 Afghanistan 1919-1973 0020 339 Albania 1913-1973 0030 615 Algeria 1962-1973 0040 160 Argentina 1816-1973 0050 900 Australia 1901-1973 0051 --- Nauru 1968-1973 0060 300 Austria-Hungary 1815-1918 0061 305 Austria 1918-1938 1955-1973 0062 310 Hungary 1918-1973 0065 692 Bahrain 1971-1973 0066 760 Bhutan 1971-1973 0069 031 Bahamas 1973 0070 053 Barbados 1966-1973 0080 211 Belgium 1830-1973 0100 145 Bolivia 1825-1973 0120 140 Brazil 1822-1973 0130 355 Bulgaria 1878-1973 0140 775 Burma 1948-1973 0150 516 Burundi 1962-1973 0160 811 Khmer Republic (Cambodia) 1953-1973 0170 471 Cameroun 1960-1973 0180 020 Canada 1867-1973 0190 482 Central African Republic 1960-1973 0200 780 Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 1948-1973 0210 483 Chad 1960-1973 0220 155 Chile 1818-1973 0230 710 China 1815-1973 0231 713 Taiwan 1949-1973 0240 100 Colombia 1819-1973 0250 484 Congo (Brazzaville) 1960-1973 0260 490 Zaire Republic 1960-1973 0270 094 Costa Rica 1838-1973 0280 040 Cuba 1902-1973 0290 352 Cyprus 1960-1973 0300 315 Czechoslovakia 1918-1938 1946-1973 0310 434 Dahomey 1960-1973 0320 390 Denmark 1815-1973 0330 042 Dominican Republic 1844-1861 1865-1973 0340 130 Ecuador 1830-1973 22 Banks ICPSR Code Code State Years Independent 0350 092 El Salvador 1841-1973 0355 441 Equatorial Guinea 1968-1973 0360 366 Estonia 1918-1940 0370 530 Ethiopia 1898-1936 0380 375 Finland 1919-1973 0390 220 France 1815-1973 0400 481 Gabon 1960-1973 0410 420 Gambia 1965-1973 0420 255 Germany 1967-1945 0421 267 Baden 1815-1870 0422 245 Bavaria 1815-1870 0423 240 Hanover 1815-1867 0424 273 Hesse, Electorate 1815-1867 0425 275 Hesse, Grand Duchy 1815-1867 0426 280 Mecklenburg 1815-1867 0427 255 Prussia 1815-1867 0428 269 Saxony 1815-1867 0429 271 Wurttenburg 1815-1870 0430 265 German Democratic Republic 1949-1973 0431 260 German Federal Republic 1949-1973 0440 452 Ghana 1957-1973 0450 350 Greece 1830-1973 0460 090 Guatemala 1839-1973 0470 438 Guinea 1958-1973 0480 110 Guyana 1966-1973 0490 041 Haiti 1815-1973 0500 091 Honduras 1838-1973 0510 395 Iceland 1944-1973 0520 750 India 1947-1973 0530 850 Indonesia 1949-1973 0540 630 Iran 1815-1973 0550 645 Iraq 1932-1973 0560 666 Israel 1948-1973 0570 325 Italy 1861-1973 0571 332 Modena 1815-1861 0572 327 Papal States 1815-1861 0573 335 Parma 1815-1861 0574 325 Sardinia 1815-1861 0575 337 Tuscany 1815-1861 0576 329 Two Sicilies 1815-1861 0580 437 Ivory Coast 1960-1973 0590 051 Jamaica 1962-1973 0600 740 Japan 1815-1945 1952-1973 0610 663 Jordan 1946-1973 0620 501 Kenya 1963-1973 0630 730 Korea 1895-1905 23 Banks ICPSR Code Code State Years Independent 0631 731 Korean People's Republic 1948-1973 0632 732 Korean Republic 1948-1973 0640 690 Kuwait 1961-1973 0650 812 Laos 1954-1973 0660 367 Latvia 1918-1940 0670 660 Lebanon 1946-1973 0680 570 Lesotho 1966-1973 0690 450 Liberia 1847-1973 0700 620 Libya 1952-1973 0710 368 Lithuania 1918-1940 0720 212 Luxembourg 1867-1973 0730 580 Malagasy Republic 1960-1973 0740 553 Malawi 1964-1973 0750 820 Malaysia 1957-1973 0760 781 Maldive Islands 1965-1973 0770 432 Mali 1960-1973 0780 338 Malta 1964-1973 0790 435 Mauritania 1960-1973 0800 590 Mauritius 1968-1973 0810 070 Mexico 1821-1973 0820 712 Mongolia 1921-1973 0830 600 Morocco 1956-1973 0840 790 Nepal 1919-1973 0850 210 Netherlands 1815-1973 0860 920 New Zealand 1907-1973 0870 093 Nicaragua 1838-1973 0880 436 Niger 1960-1973 0890 475 Nigeria 1960-1973 0900 770 Pakistan 1947-1973 0901 771 Bangladesh 1971-1973 0910 095 Panama 1903-1973 0920 150 Paraguay 1815-1973 0930 135 Peru 1824-1973 0940 840 Philippines 1946-1973 0950 290 Poland 1919-1939 1946-1973 0960 235 Portugal 1815-1973 0965 694 Qatar 1971-1973 0970 360 Rumania 1859-1973 0980 517 Rwanda 1962-1973 0990 670 Saudi Arabia 1902-1973 1000 433 Senegal 1960-1973 1010 451 Sierra Leone 1961-1973 1020 830 Singapore 1965-1973 1030 520 Somali Republic 1960-1973 1040 560 South Africa 1910-1973 1050 680 Yemen PDR (So.Yemen, Aden) 1967-1973 1060 230 Spain 1815-1973 24 Banks ICPSR Code Code State Years Independent 1070 625 Sudan 1956-1973 1080 572 Swaziland 1968-1973 1091 385 Norway 1815-1973 1092 380 Sweden 1815-1973 1100 225 Switzerland 1815-1973 1110 662 Syria 1946-1958 1961-1973 1120 510 Tanzania 1961-1973 1121 511 Zanzibar 1963-1964 1130 800 Thailand 1815-1973 1140 461 Togo 1960-1973 1150 052 Trinidad and Tobago 1962-1973 1160 616 Tunisia 1956-1973 1170 640 Turkey 1815-1973 1180 500 Uganda 1962-1973 1185 696 United Arab Emirates 1971-1973 1190 365 USSR 1815-1973 1200 651 Egypt 1951-1973 1210 200 United Kingdom 1815-1973 1212 205 Ireland 1922-1973 1214 552 Rhodesia 1965-1973 1215 955 Tonga 1970-1973 1216 950 Fiji 1970-1973 1220 002 United States 1815-1973 1230 439 Upper Volta 1960-1973 1240 165 Uruguay 1828-1973 1250 101 Venezuela 1830-1973 1261 816 Vietnam People's Republic 1954-1973 1262 817 Vietnam Republic 1954-1973 1270 990 Western Samoa 1962-1973 1280 678 Yemen Arab Republic 1921-1973 1290 345 Yugoslavia 1919-1973 1291 348 Montenegro 1878-1919 1292 345 Serbia 1878-1919 1300 551 Zambia 1964-1973